Bridging Connections and Cognition: A Critical Comparison of Social Network and Social Cognitive Theories in Advancing Physical Activity for Chronic Disease Prevention

Abstract

Physical inactivity is considered as a major global health concern contributing to the rise of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular conditions, obesity, and diabetes. To effectively address this challenge, behavioral theories provide essential insights into designing physical activity (PA) interventions. This paper critically explores and compares two widely recognized frameworks—Social Network Theory (SNT) and Social Cognitive Theory (SCT)—to emphasize their roles and impact in physical activity promotion for preventing chronic disease. A narrative literature review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, focusing on studies applying SNT and SCT to PA promotion. SNT underscores the influence of social structures, influence of peers, and network dynamics, while SCT influences individual cognitive processes, involving self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and self-regulation. Findings suggest that both theories emphasize the significance of social support in shaping behavior, though they operate at different levels—inter-personal for SNT and intra-personal for SCT. Integrated interventions combining these frameworks show promise, leveraging social networks to strengthen cognitive determinants and vice versa. However, challenges remain in operationalizing network structures, capturing real-time behavior change, and addressing sociocultural factors. Future directions advocate hybrid behavioral ecology models supported by emerging technologies such as digital tracking and agent-based modeling. This comprehensive approach can inform the development of effective, scalable, and equitable public health strategies to promote physical activity across diverse groups of populations.