Influence of Sociodemographic, Dietary, and Oral Hygiene Factors on Gingivitis in Pregnant Women of Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Background: Gingivitis is highly prevalent among pregnant women, particularly in low- and middle-income countries like Bangladesh. This health outcome remains under recognized in maternal health programs. This study explored the influence of sociodemographic, dietary, and oral hygiene factors on gingivitis status among pregnant women of Bangladesh.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 pregnant women aged 18–34 years attending antenatal outpatient services at purposively selected three tertiary government hospitals in Dhaka. Respondents were employed using convenient sampling technique. Data were collected using a pre-tested, modified, semi-structured questionnaire and clinical oral examinations. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used to identify associations between gingivitis and explanatory variables.

Results: Gingivitis was found in 73.7% of participants. Positive gingivitis status was observed significantly associated with younger age (p = 0.05), lower income (p < 0.01), and lower education levels (p < 0.01). Poor dietary patterns such as infrequent intake of eggs, milk, fruits, and vegetables—and high sweet consumption were linked to positive gingivitis prevalence. Oral hygiene indicators, including presence of food debris (p = 0.02) and calculus (p = 0.01), were also significantly associated with gingivitis status.

Conclusion: The high burden of gingivitis among pregnant women in Bangladesh is driven by socioeconomic disparities, suboptimal dietary habits, and poor oral hygiene. Integration of interventions like oral health education, dietary counseling, and routine dental checks into antenatal care is urgently needed to reduce periodontal disease and promote maternal well-being.